STANDARDIZATION OF TESTING AND CALIBRATION METHODS FOR MEMS SENSORS FOR INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
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Annotation: The article presents a comprehensive analysis of current approaches to the testing and calibration of microelectromechanical (MEMS) accelerometers and gyroscopes within inertial navigation systems (INS). Existing international and Russian standards (ISO 16063, IEEE 1293, IEEE 2700, IEC 60068, GOST R 8.820–2013, GOST R 52931–2008) are examined, with their applicability and limitations in relation to modern MEMS sensors identified. A classification of MEMS sensor errors is systematized, including bias, scale factor error, axis misalignment, temperature effects, and noise characteristics (ARW/VRW, bias instability, and others). The role of methods such as Allan variance and PSD in identifying noise components is highlighted. Key challenges are analyzed, including the fragmentation of existing methodologies among manufacturers and laboratories, the shortage of specialized metrological infrastructure (six-position stands, multi-axis turntables, thermal chambers), the lack of comparability of results due to differences in signal processing approaches, and the neglect of cross-effects when calibrating accelerometers and gyroscopes separately. A comparison with alternative technologies (FOG, RLG) is presented, emphasizing the competitive advantages of MEMS in terms of
cost, size, and energy efficiency, despite their limitations in accuracy. A multi-level standardization system is proposed, encompassing unified static and dynamic test scenarios, harmonized error models, a machine-readable reporting format (JSON/XML), and a set of unified metric procedures (Allan deviation, PSD, uncertainty budgets in accordance with GUM). Methodologies for static and dynamic testing, joint INS calibration, and examples of required sensor passport fields are described.
In conclusion, the necessity of developing a national standard harmonized with international documents is substantiated. Such a standard would ensure reproducibility of testing, comparability of results, and increased confidence in domestic INS solutions on the global navigation technology market.
Keywords: The article presents a comprehensive analysis of current approaches to the testing and calibration of microelectromechanical (MEMS) accelerometers and gyroscopes within inertial navigation systems (INS). Existing international and Russian standards (ISO 16063, IEEE 1293, IEEE 2700, IEC 60068, GOST R 8.820–2013, GOST R 52931–2008) are examined, with their applicability and limitations in relation to modern MEMS sensors identified. A classification of MEMS sensor errors is systematized, including bias, scale factor error, axis misalignment, temperature effects, and noise characteristics (ARW/VRW, bias instability, and others). The role of methods such as Allan variance and PSD in identifying noise components is highlighted. Key challenges are analyzed, including the fragmentation of existing methodologies among manufacturers and laboratories, the shortage of specialized metrological infrastructure (six-position stands, multi-axis turntables, thermal chambers), the lack of comparability of results due to differences in signal processing approaches, and the neglect of cross-effects when calibrating accelerometers and gyroscopes separately. A comparison with alternative technologies (FOG, RLG) is presented, emphasizing the competitive advantages of MEMS in terms of
cost, size, and energy efficiency, despite their limitations in accuracy. A multi-level standardization system is proposed, encompassing unified static and dynamic test scenarios, harmonized error models, a machine-readable reporting format (JSON/XML), and a set of unified metric procedures (Allan deviation, PSD, uncertainty budgets in accordance with GUM). Methodologies for static and dynamic testing, joint INS calibration, and examples of required sensor passport fields are described.
In conclusion, the necessity of developing a national standard harmonized with international documents is substantiated. Such a standard would ensure reproducibility of testing, comparability of results, and increased confidence in domestic INS solutions on the global navigation technology market.
Page numbers: 138-145.
For citation: Kuznetsov K.S. Standardization of testing and calibration methods for mems sensors for inertial navigation systems // Electronic Scientific Journal IT-Standard. – 2025. – No. 4. – pp. 138-145.